The emergence of social media has significantly reshaped political communication and mobilization, particularly in emerging democracies like Nigeria. As digital platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram gain prominence, they have become vital tools for citizen engagement, activism, and public discourse. This article offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of social media in Nigeria’s political mobilization. It explores how digital platforms are used to facilitate protest movements, influence electoral behavior, promote civic accountability, and challenge state authority. The review is anchored in multiple theoretical frameworks, including digital democracy, the networked public sphere, resource mobilization, and framing theory, which help to unpack the dynamics of online activism in Nigeria. Empirical case studies such as the EndSARS protests, youth-driven electoral campaigns, and issue-based movements like NotTooYoungToRun and OpenNASS are examined to highlight the tangible impact of social media on political participation. However, the article also interrogates critical challenges including misinformation, state censorship, and the persistent digital divide that threatens to marginalize underrepresented groups. A comparative lens is employed to situate Nigeria’s experience within broader African contexts, including Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Egypt. The article concludes by discussing the implications of social media for democratic consolidation in Nigeria, arguing that while digital platforms offer unprecedented opportunities for civic engagement, their transformative potential depends on inclusive access, institutional safeguards, and responsible governance. This study contributes to the growing discourse on digital politics in Africa and the evolving role of technology in democratic processes.