Social capital has gained renewed scholarly attention over the past decade, particularly in relation to mental health, organisational outcomes, digital networks, and urban resilience. However, the literature remains conceptually and methodologically fragmented. This study presents a systematic review of 62 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024, aimed at identifying dominant research themes, methodological patterns, and geographic distribution. Five thematic areas emerged from the review: digital and online social capital, performance-related outcomes, clinical and mental health, measurement innovations, and urban resilience. A peak in publications between 2019 and 2021 reflects heightened interest during global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The review also reveals that China, India, and Brazil dominate scholarly output, while contributions from Western contexts remain limited. Although empirical studies outnumber conceptual ones, measurement inconsistency persists, particularly in operationalising bonding and bridging forms of social capital. The findings suggest that social capital remains a concept of enduring relevance, but future research would benefit from stronger theoretical clarity, standardised measurement tools, and greater geographical diversity. The review contributes to an integrated understanding of social capital’s evolving role across disciplines and contexts.